https://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&feed=atom&action=historyScale Inhibition - Revision history2024-03-28T16:46:01ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.16https://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6684&oldid=prevJberthold at 16:39, 24 October 20222022-10-24T16:39:07Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== [[Frequently Asked Questions about Scaling Inhibition]] ==</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jbertholdhttps://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6663&oldid=prevJberthold: Jberthold moved page Scaling Induction Time / Scaling Inhibition to Scale Inhibition without leaving a redirect: Change in program link2022-09-19T16:55:33Z<p>Jberthold moved page <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Scaling_Induction_Time_/_Scaling_Inhibition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scaling Induction Time / Scaling Inhibition (page does not exist)">Scaling Induction Time / Scaling Inhibition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scale_Inhibition" title="Scale Inhibition">Scale Inhibition</a> without leaving a redirect: Change in program link</p>
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</td></tr></table>Jbertholdhttps://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6658&oldid=prevJberthold: /* What tools are available for predicting scaling risk and inhibition study? */2022-09-19T15:48:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">What tools are available for predicting scaling risk and inhibition study?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: OLI Studio]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jbertholdhttps://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6657&oldid=prevJberthold: /* What tools are available for predicting scaling risk and inhibition study? */2022-09-19T15:48:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">What tools are available for predicting scaling risk and inhibition study?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Categpory</del>: Scaling and solid formations]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Category</ins>: Scaling and solid formations]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Jbertholdhttps://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6656&oldid=prevJberthold at 15:47, 19 September 20222022-09-19T15:47:47Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jbertholdhttps://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6655&oldid=prevJberthold at 15:46, 19 September 20222022-09-19T15:46:45Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:46, 19 September 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The formation of mineral scale from an oversaturated solution involves two distinct stages: nucleation, a stage of solid formation via a reaction between the dissolved constituents, and crystal growth, a stage during which the solid grows via a reaction/aggregation with the dissolved nucleus. The duration of this process can reasonably be estimated by the “induction time,” which is classically defined as the time that passes from the creation of oversaturation regarding a solid phase and the detection of that phase in the system due to precipitation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The formation of mineral scale from an oversaturated solution involves two distinct stages: nucleation, a stage of solid formation via a reaction between the dissolved constituents, and crystal growth, a stage during which the solid grows via a reaction/aggregation with the dissolved nucleus. The duration of this process can reasonably be estimated by the “induction time,” which is classically defined as the time that passes from the creation of oversaturation regarding a solid phase and the detection of that phase in the system due to precipitation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== What are different scaling mitigation techniques? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Conventional scale inhibitors are hydrophilic; that is, they dissolve in water. However, in the case of down-hole squeezing, it is desirable that the scale inhibitor is adsorbed on the rock to avoid washing out the chemical before acting as desired. Inorganic phosphates, organo-phosphorous compounds, and organic polymers are identified as the most common scaling inhibitors. For example, PPCA (polyphosphono carboxylic acid) and DTPMP (diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)) are the two common commercial-scale inhibitors used in the oil and gas industry.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Fundamentals behind the scaling kinetics calculation with the OLI Engine? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">OLI has developed a computational tool/ feature to predict the induction time for inorganic mineral scales both with and without the presence of commercial scale inhibitors. The tool combines two fundamental theories: Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte (MSE), an electrolyte thermodynamic model, which predicts speciation and phase equilibria (solid-liquid equilibria) up to high concentrations, including supersaturation, and the classical nucleation theory, kinetic model, for predicting induction time in both the high and low supersaturation regimes. The kinetic model requires the scaling tendencies of each precipitating solid as an input estimated from the thermodynamic model.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== How can someone use OLI studio to calculate scaling induction time? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One can turn on the computation of scaling kinetics (scaling kinetics feature) on the OLI studio by selecting the Scaling Induction Time(s) option under the “Survey Options.” The advanced button/ tab adjacent to the “Scaling Induction Time(s)” allows the user to select relevant solids that need to be included or excluded from the calculation.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:OLI Studio Scale Induction Calc Options.png]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== How does selecting certain solids work in the OLI studio? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The advanced option in the “OLI survey options” tool provides a list of all possible solids that are likely to form in the system simulated. Sometimes, although the formation of a certain solid is thermodynamically feasible, it may take longer to precipitate/ form due to the kinetic effects. Such solids have a lesser impact on the induction time and are advised to be excluded by unselecting (unchecking the box before the solid). OLI implicitly excludes several solids primarily based on the slower rate of formation, which, if needed, the user can include in the induction time calculation by explicitly selecting it by checking the box preceding the solid.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:OLI Studio Scale Induction Solid Selection.png]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== What tools are available for predicting scaling risk and inhibition study? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The OLI System’s thermodynamic and scaling kinetics property package, which is based on the MSE model, is available only in OLI Studio V11.5. The V11.5 will contain four commonly occuring oilfield scales: barite, celestite, gypsum, calcite along with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), amino tris (methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) DTPMP, ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTPMP), and polymaleic acid (PMA) inhibitors.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Jbertholdhttps://wiki.olisystems.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scale_Inhibition&diff=6652&oldid=prevJberthold: Created page with "== What is scaling induction time? == One of the premier issues in the oil and gas industry is scale deposition which occurs due to changes in process conditions, such as pre..."2022-09-19T15:41:10Z<p>Created page with "== What is scaling induction time? == One of the premier issues in the oil and gas industry is scale deposition which occurs due to changes in process conditions, such as pre..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>== What is scaling induction time? ==<br />
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One of the premier issues in the oil and gas industry is scale deposition which occurs due to changes in process conditions, such as pressure and temperature changes, dissolved gases, or incompatibility between mixing waters, resulting from waterflooding processes and chemical treatment operations. Usually, these processes are performed to maintain sustainable hydrocarbon production at oil, gas, or gas condensate fields. The most common oilfield scales are sulfates such as CaSO<sub>4</sub> (anhydrite, gypsum), BaSO<sub>4</sub> (barite), SrSO<sub>4</sub> (celestite), and CaCO<sub>3</sub> (calcite). In contrast, iron oxide, sulfide, carbonate, and calcium naphthenate scales are less common and generally found in sour crudes.<br />
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The formation of mineral scale from an oversaturated solution involves two distinct stages: nucleation, a stage of solid formation via a reaction between the dissolved constituents, and crystal growth, a stage during which the solid grows via a reaction/aggregation with the dissolved nucleus. The duration of this process can reasonably be estimated by the “induction time,” which is classically defined as the time that passes from the creation of oversaturation regarding a solid phase and the detection of that phase in the system due to precipitation.</div>Jberthold